Pope Alexander VI - Wikipedia. Pope Alexander VI, born Rodrigo de Borja (Valencian: Roderic Llan. He is one of the most controversial of the Renaissance popes, partly because he acknowledged fathering several children by his mistresses. Therefore his Italianized Valencian surname, Borgia, became a byword for libertinism and nepotism, which are traditionally considered as characterizing his pontificate. Two of Alexander's successors, the controversial pontiffs Sixtus V and Urban VIII, described him as one of the most outstanding popes since Saint Peter. His parents were Jofr. March 1. 43. 7), and his Aragonese wife and distant cousin Isabel de Borja y Cavanilles (died 1. October 1. 46. 8). His family name is written Llan. Rodrigo adopted his mother's family name of Borja in 1. Alonso de Borja (Italianized to Alfonso Borgia) as Calixtus III. Some revisionists suggest that the confusion is attributed by attempts to connect Rodrigo as the father of Giovanni, Cesare, Lucrezia, and Gioffre, who were surnamed Llan. The following year, he was appointed vice- chancellor of the Holy Roman Church. Both nepotistic appointments were characteristic of the age. Each pope during this period inevitably found himself surrounded by the servants and retainers of his predecessors who often owed their loyalty to the family of the pontiff who had appointed them. He was gifted with the quality of being a smooth talker and of choice eloquence. Beautiful women were attracted to him and excited by him in quite a remarkable way, more strongly than how 'iron is drawn to a magnet'. He was capable and cautious, considered a . He was a gifted speaker and great at conversation. Additionally, he was . The leading information resource for the entertainment industry. Find industry contacts & talent representation. Manage your photos, credits, & more. Complete S01, S02, S03. TV Series H2O: Just Add Water download (season 1, 2, 3) for free. 2014 TV-MA 3 Seasons. The name Borgia stands for betrayal, intrigue and corruption in the Vatican, which was the center of the world during the Renaissance. Pope Alexander VI; Bishop of Rome: Papacy began: 11 August 1492: Papacy ended: 18 August 1503: Predecessor: Innocent VIII: Successor: Pius III: Orders; Ordination. Sixteen days before the death of Pope Innocent VIII, he proposed Valencia as a metropolitansee and became the first archbishop of Valencia. When Rodrigo de Borgia was elected pope as Alexander VI following the death of Innocent VIII, it was the turn of his son Cesare Borgia to . The third and the fourth archbishops of Valencia were Juan de Borja and Pedro Luis de Borja, grand- nephews of Alexander VI. Translation of the plaque on the side of the Archbishop's Palace of Valencia: ALEXANDER VIThe 9th July 1. Pope Innocent VIII, at the request of Cardinal Borja and the Catholic Monarchs, raised the Valencian See to the rank of metropolitan, becoming Rodrigo of Borja the first Archbishop of Valencia. Mistresses and family. The connection began in 1. Cesare (born 1. 47. Giovanni, afterwards duke of Gandia (commonly known as Juan, born 1. Lucrezia (born 1. The official site of the SHOWTIME Original Series The Borgias. Find out about new episodes, watch previews, go behind the scenes and more. 24: Legacy season 1 episode 5 (S01E05) download free without registration in.mp4.mkv.avi 720p 480p quality. TV Series Empire season 3 Download at High Speed! Full Show episodes get FREE in.mp4 HD 720p. Gioffre (Goffredo in Italian, born 1. For a period of time, before legitimizing his children after becoming Pope, Rodrigo pretended that his four children with Vannozza were his niece and nephews and that they were fathered by Vannozza's husbands. Her place in his affections was filled, according to some, by the beautiful Giulia Farnese (. However, he still very dearly loved Vannozza, in a way he considered 'spiritual', and his love for his children by Vannozza remained as strong as ever and proved, indeed, the determining factor of his whole career. He lavished vast sums on them and lauded them with every honor. Vannozza lived in the Palace of a late Cardinal, or in a large, palatial villa. The children lived between their mother's home and the Papal Palace itself. The atmosphere of Alexander's household is typified by the fact that his daughter Lucrezia apparently lived with Giulia at a point. His daughter Isabella was the great- great- grandmother of Pope Innocent X, who was therefore descended in a direct line from Alexander. He is an ancestor of virtually all royal houses of Europe, mainly the southern and western ones, for being the ancestor of Dona. Luisa de Guzm. Of the twenty- seven cardinals alive in the closing months of the reign of Innocent VIII no fewer than ten were Cardinal- nephews, eight were crown nominees, four were Roman nobles and one other had been given the cardinalate in recompense for his family's service to the Holy See; only four were able career churchmen. It was rumoured but not substantiated that Borgia succeeded in buying the largest number of votes and Sforza, in particular, was bribed with four mule- loads of silver. Johann Burchard, the conclave's master of ceremonies and a leading figure of the papal household under several popes, recorded in his diary that the 1. Della Rovere was bankrolled to the cost of 2. King Charles VIII of France, with another 1. Republic of Genoa. And if we do not flee, he will inevitably devour us all. Before long, though, he began endowing his relatives at the church's and at his neighbours' expense. Cesare Borgia, his son, while a youth of seventeen and a student at Pisa, was made Archbishop of Valencia, and Giovanni Borgia inherited the Spanish Dukedom of Gandia, the Borgias' ancestral home in Spain. For the Duke of Gandia and for Gioffre, also known as Goffredo, the Pope proposed to carve fiefs out of the Papal States and the Kingdom of Naples. Among the fiefs destined for the duke of Gandia were Cerveteri and Anguillara, lately acquired by Virginio Orsini, head of that powerful house. This policy brought Ferdinand I, King of Naples, into conflict with Alexander, who was also opposed by Cardinal della Rovere, whose candidature for the papacy had been backed by Ferdinand. Della Rovere fortified himself in his bishopric of Ostia at the Tiber's mouth as Alexander formed a league against Naples (2. April 1. 49. 3) and prepared for war. He also appealed to Spain for help, but Spain was eager to be on good terms with the papacy to obtain the title to the recently discovered New World. Alexander, in the bull Inter Caetera on 4 May 1. Spain and Portugal along a demarcation line. This became the basis of the Treaty of Tordesillas which was ratified by Spain on 2 July 1. Portugal on 5 September 1. He sought help from Charles VIII of France (1. Ludovico . As King Ferdinand I of Naples was threatening to come to the aid of the rightful duke Gian Galeazzo Sforza, the husband of his granddaughter Isabella, Alexander encouraged the French king in his plan for the conquest of Naples. But Alexander, always ready to seize opportunities to aggrandize his family, then adopted a double policy. Through the intervention of the Spanish ambassador he made peace with Naples in July 1. Gioffre and Do. Among the new cardinals was his own son Cesare, then only 1. Alessandro Farnese (later Pope Paul III), the brother of one of the Pope's mistresses, Giulia Farnese, was also among the newly created cardinals. On 2. 5 January 1. Ferdinand I died and was succeeded by his son Alfonso II (1. Alexander authorised him to pass through Rome, ostensibly on a crusade against the Ottoman Empire, without mentioning Naples. But when the French invasion became a reality Pope Alexander VI became alarmed, recognised Alfonso II as king of Naples, and concluded an alliance with him in exchange for various fiefs for his sons (July 1. A military response to the French threat was set in motion: a Neapolitan army was to advance through the Romagna and attack Milan, while the fleet was to seize Genoa. Both expeditions were badly conducted and failed, and on 8 September Charles VIII crossed the Alps and joined Ludovico il Moro at Milan. The Papal States were in turmoil, and the powerful Colonna faction seized Ostia in the name of France. Charles VIII rapidly advanced southward, and after a short stay in Florence, set out for Rome (November 1. Alexander appealed to Ascanio Sforza and even to the Ottoman. Sultan. Bayazid II for help. He tried to collect troops and put Rome in a state of defence, but his position was precarious. When the Orsini offered to admit the French to their castles, Alexander had no choice but to come to terms with Charles. On 3. 1 December, Charles VIII entered Rome with his troops, the cardinals of the French faction, and Giuliano della Rovere. Alexander now feared that Charles might depose him for simony, and that the king would summon a council to nominate a new pope. Alexander was able to win over the bishop of Saint- Malo, who had much influence over the king, with a cardinal's hat. Alexander agreed to send Cesare as legate to Naples with the French army; to deliver Cem Sultan, held as a hostage, to Charles VIII, and to give Charles Civitavecchia (1. January 1. 49. 5). On 2. 8 January Charles VIII departed for Naples with Cem and Cesare, but the latter slipped away to Spoleto. Neapolitan resistance collapsed, and Alfonso II fled and abdicated in favour of his son Ferdinand II. Ferdinand was abandoned by all and also had to escape, and the Kingdom of Naples was conquered with surprising ease. French in retreat. On 3. 1 March 1. 49. Holy League was formed between the Pope, the emperor, Venice, Ludovico il Moro and Ferdinand of Spain. The League was ostensibly formed against the Turks, but in reality it was made to expel the French from Italy. Charles VIII had himself crowned King of Naples on 1. May, but a few days later began his retreat northward. He met the League at Fornovo and cut his way through them and was back in France by November. Ferdinand II was reinstated at Naples soon afterwards, with Spanish help. The expedition, if it produced no material results, demonstrated the foolishness of the so- called 'politics of equilibrium', the Medicean doctrine of preventing one of the Italian principates from overwhelming the rest and uniting them under its hegemony. Charles VIII's belligerence in Italy had made it transparent that the 'politics of equilibrium' did nothing but render the country unable to defend itself against a powerful invading force. Italy was shown to be very vulnerable to the predations of the powerful nation- states, France and Spain, that had forged themselves during the previous century. Alexander VI now followed the general tendency of all the princes of the day to crush the great feudatories and establish a centralized despotism. The Borgias (TV Series 2. Full Cast & Crew. Find industry contacts & talent representation. Manage your photos, credits, & more. Showcase yourself on IMDb & Amazon. Holliday Grainger - Wikipedia. Holliday Grainger. Grainger at the premiere of Great Expectations, 2. Toronto Film Festival. Born. Holliday Clark Grainger(1. March 1. 98. 8 (age 2. Didsbury, Manchester, England. Other names. Holly Grainger. Occupation. Actress. Years active. 19. Holliday Clark Grainger (born 2. March 1. 98. 8), also credited as Holly Grainger, is an English screen and stage actress. Some of her prominent roles are Lucrezia Borgia in the Showtime series The Borgias and Estella in Mike Newell's adaptation of Great Expectations. Early life. One of her grandfathers is Italian. She appeared in many TV shows and independent films as a child actor. However, she eventually opted for the Open University. Roles followed in Casualty, Doctors, Dalziel and Pascoe. The series, created by Oscar- winning Neil Jordan and shot in Hungary, ran for three seasons. After her role as Emily in The Scouting Book for Boys she played one of the Rivers sisters opposite Mia Wasikowska and Michael Fassbender in Cary Fukunaga's 2. Jane Eyre, and had minor roles in Bel Ami alongside Robert Pattinson and Uma Thurman, and in the 2. Anna Karenina as Baroness Shilton. In June 2. 01. 1, she gained the leading role of Estella in Mike Newell's film adaptation of Great Expectations, opposite Jeremy Irvine and Helena Bonham Carter. She was one of the female leads in The Riot Club, the film version of the play Posh, alongside Max Irons. Grainger played Cinderella's stepsister Anastasia Tremaine in Kenneth Branagh's 2.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
November 2017
Categories |